tiistaina, lokakuuta 04, 2005

Samuraimiekat ja ruuti



Samurait ratsailla

Sodankäynnin historiassa järjestelmällisesti tehokkaammat menetelmät voittavat huonommat. Erityisesti tuliaseet ovat kukistaneet miekat ja keihäät; joko miekankäyttäjät ovat alistuneet tai oppineet käyttämään uusia aseita. Mielenkiintoinen poikkeus on Japani.

Musketit tulivat Japaniin 1500-luvun puolivälissä portugalilaisten mukana. Portugalilaiset halusivat käydä kauppaa ja käännyttää japanilaiset kristityiksi. Aluksi he onnistuivat varsin hyvin kummassakin aikeessaan. Japani oli keskellä toisiaan vastaan sotivien linnanherrojen kautta. Maa oli valmis siirtomaaksi, kuten kävi Intialle. Oli kolmen miehen ansiota, että näin ei käynyt. Kolme hämmästyttävää miestä, jotka tunsivat toisensa ja seurasivat toisiaan hallitsijoina, yhdistivät Japanin ja palauttivat sen samalla samuraimiekkojen kauteen lähes kolmeksisadaksi vuodeksi.

Oda Nobunaga (1534 - 1582) opetteli länsimaisen sodankäynnin. Hän otti armottomasti käyttöön musketit ja löi kaikki vastustajansa rikkomalla ritarillisen samuraisäännöstön oppeja. Tuhannen muskettimiehen yhteislaukausta ei yksikään samurai kestänyt. Oda kukisti myös politiikassa siihen asti voimakkaasti mukana olleiden buddhalaismunkkien vallan. Lopulta Odan kukisti hänen oma kenraalinsa Mitsuhide, joka pakotti hänet tekemään seppukun.

Toyotomi Hideyosi (1537 - 1598) oli myös Odan kenraali. Hän kosti Odan kuoleman lyömällä taistelussa Mitsuhiden. Sen jälkeen hän omistautui tuhoamaan lääninherrojen vallan. Hän kukisti kaikki itsenäiset linnat ja vaati jokaista samuraita luovuttamaan aseensa hänelle. Linnanherrat saivat pitää linnansa ja osansa veroista, mutta heille ei jäänyt todellista valtaa. Hideyosin jälkeen ei myöskään yksikään alemman luokan jäsen voinut nousta samuraiksi. Yhteiskuntaluokat naulattiin lujasti paikoilleen. Hideyoshi kukisti myös Japanin kristityt ja karkotti länsimaiset kauppiaat. Hän jätti jälkeensä tiukasti paikoilleen lukitun maan.

Togukawa Ieyasu (1543 - 1616) täydensi edeltäjiensä työn rauhanomaisesti. Hän poisti musketit kuvioista. Ensin hän sääti, että ruutiaseita sai myydä vain hallitsijalle, sitten hän lakkasi ostamasta niitä. Hillityn eleganttia. Ieyasun jälkeen shogunit hallitsivat turvassa. Samurailuokka omistautui teeseremonioille, taidokkaille miekkaharjoituksille ja zen-uddhalaisuuden harjoittamiselle. Yhden pitkän sukupolven aikana ruuti tuli, voitti ja katosi Japanissa.

Elokuvista tuntemamme historiallinen Japani sijoittuu suurin piirtein näihin myrskyisiin vuosiin. Filmissä "Kalpean kuun tarínoita" mainitaan Oda Nobunaga. "Rykiu teemestari" kertoo tarinan historiallisesta teeseremonian kehittäjästä, jota Hideyosi ensin ylisti ja sitten kehotti itsemurhaan. Akira Kurosawan samuraifilmit sijoittuvat myös Nobunagan aikaan - filmissä "Ran" musketit kaatavat koko samuraiden ratsuarmeijan eräässä elokuvahistorian hurjimmista kohtauksista.

Kun japanilaiset uudelleen kohtasivat länsimaiset aseet, he valitsivat toisen tien.

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